Thank you for this thread

And oh! The picture frame around those two soldiers. Someone treasured that photo

Whenever I see pictures like this I feel a tremendous sense of responsibility, not for their troubles, but for their hopes and dreams - for any oppressed and exploited people that lived in the hope that their children, or somebody's children some day, would live in a better world. Mostly, people have lived without seeing much progress - our responsibility is to continue working for it, for them.

https://overcast.fm/+AAyIOyttEx0

Woodward, C. Vann. Origins of the New South, 1877–1913. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971.
https://archive.org/details/originsofnewsout00wood

Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968.
https://archive.org/details/strangecareerofj0000unse

Wright, Gavin. Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War. New York: Basic Books, 1986.
https://archive.org/details/oldsouthnewsouth00gavi_0

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Prather, H. Leon Jr. We Have Taken a City: Wilmington Racial Massacre and Coup of 1898. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1984.

Trelease, Allen W. White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction. Louisiana State University Press, 1971.
https://archive.org/details/whiteterrorkuklu0000trel

White, Richard. The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1896. Oxford University Press, 2017.
https://archive.org/details/republicforwhich0000whit

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Harding, Vincent. There Is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981.
https://archive.org/details/thereisriverbla00hard/page/n6/mode/1up

Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880–1910. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.
https://archive.org/details/shapingofsouther0000kous

Litwack, Leon F. Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery. New York: Knopf, 1979.
https://archive.org/details/beeninstormsolon0000unse

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Franklin, John Hope. Reconstruction After the Civil War. University of Chicago Press, 1961.
https://archive.org/details/reconstructionaf0000fran/page/n10/mode/1up

Goodwyn, Lawrence. The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
https://archive.org/details/populistmomentsh0000good

Hahn, Steven. A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration. Harvard University Press, 2003.
https://archive.org/details/nationunderourfe00hahn

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Du Bois, W. E. B. Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, 1935.
https://archive.org/details/blackreconstruc00dubo/page/n6/mode/1up

Foner, Eric. Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996.

Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060158514

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Berman, Ari. Give Us the Ballot: The Modern Struggle for Voting Rights in America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015.
https://archive.org/details/giveusballotmode0000berm

Blight, David W. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.
https://archive.org/details/racereunion00davi

Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988.
https://archive.org/details/partingwatersame0000bran

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Voting Rights Act of 1965. Pub. L. No. 89–110, 79 Stat. 437 (1965). U.S. Department of Justice.
https://www.congress.gov/bill/89th-congress/senate-bill/1564/text

Nast, Thomas. Colored Rule in a Reconstructed(?) State (The Members Call Each Other Thieves, Liars, Rascals, and Cowards). Wood engraving. Harper’s Weekly, March 14, 1874. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. Library of Congress https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/91705051/

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United States Congress. Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States. 13 vols. Washington, DC, 1872.
https://archive.org/details/reportofjointsel02unit

“White Declaration of Independence.” Wilmington, North Carolina, November 1898.
https://people.uncw.edu/schmidt/Misc/1898/1898WhiteDec.html

Wells, Ida B. The Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynching in the United States. Chicago: Donohue & Henneberry, 1895.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14977/14977-h/14977-h.htm

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Mississippi Constitutional Convention. Journal of the Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of the State of Mississippi, Begun at the City of Jackson on August 12, 1890, Concluded November 1, 1890. Jackson, MS: E. L. Martin, 1890.
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112059675287&seq=8

U.S. Congress. An Act to Enforce Provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and Other Purposes (Ku Klux Klan Act). 17 Stat. 13 (1871).
https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/the-enforcement-acts/

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Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. National Archives.
https://catalog.archives.gov/search?q=%22SIL!mig%2Ffb%22

Herbert, Hilary A., et al., eds. Why the Solid South? or Reconstruction and Its Results. Baltimore: R. H. Woodward, 1890.
https://archive.org/details/WhyTheSolidSouth/page/n1/mode/1up

Lynch, John Roy. The Facts of Reconstruction. New York: Neale Publishing, 1913.
https://archive.org/details/factsofreconstruc00lync/page/n10/mode/1up

Manly, Alexander. “The Daily Record Editorial.” August 18, 1898..
https://exhibits.lib.unc.edu/exhibits/show/1898/editorial

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Intellectual Map

Primary Sources

Congressional Globe. 39th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1866.
https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30867/

Douglass, Frederick. The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass. Reconstruction and After. Edited by Philip S. Foner. Vol IV. New York: International Publishers, 1950–1975.
https://archive.org/details/lifewritingsoffr0000unse/page/n5/mode/1up

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The South did not overturn Reconstruction by defeating the Union Army.

It overturned Reconstruction by winning the argument about what freedom, citizenship, and democracy were supposed to mean.

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Image:,State troopers watch as marchers cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama as part of a civil rights march on March 9, 1965. Bettmann Archive.

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Image 1: White crowd gathered before the burned offices of the Daily Record, Wilmington, NC, November 10, 1898. Photograph. North Carolina Room, New Hanover County Public Library, Wilmington, NC.

For a brief moment, American democracy expanded as never before.

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Image: The Freedmen's Schoolhouse in Smithfield is the last-of-its-kind in North Carolina. Collection of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture.