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  3. Nikolai Kardashev was a Soviet radio astronomer and astrophysicist who wanted to know how one could even detect extraterrestrial civilizations at all, the “SETI problem”.

Nikolai Kardashev was a Soviet radio astronomer and astrophysicist who wanted to know how one could even detect extraterrestrial civilizations at all, the “SETI problem”.

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  • isotopp@infosec.exchangeI isotopp@infosec.exchange

    Nikolai Kardashev was a Soviet radio astronomer and astrophysicist who wanted to know how one could even detect extraterrestrial civilizations at all, the “SETI problem”.

    He concluded: by energy consumption. The Kardashev scale is therefore not an ISO standard (ISO = Interstellar Standards Organization?), but a thinking tool devised by one person.

    The scale says:

    • Type 1: Uses all the energy available to its planet. For example, an albedo-zero world completely covered in solar cells.
    • Type 2: Uses all the energy available to its star system. Not a million satellites in orbit, but a Dyson sphere that captures all the light and radiation of a star.
    • Type 3: Uses the energy of all stars in a galaxy.

    The idea of launching data centers into space, more precisely into LEO, must therefore be evaluated on a different scale:

    The Kardashian scale

    • A Type 1 civilization on the Kardashian scale has a public discourse that is no longer driven by facts, but by emotion and attention.
    • A Type 2 civilization no longer has this discourse under control, and counterfactual emotional discourse begins to control politics, research, and the economy, where unscientific and outright stupid narratives now take over steering.
    • A Type 3 civilization has complete epistemic decoupling: visibility has fully replaced truth, reach beats evidence, and consistency is irrelevant as long as the narrative is exciting. Physical limits are dismissed as “bad vibes”, and criticism is read as a moral flaw and subversion.

    So we are not measuring energy, but loss of contact with reality. Many tech visions of recent years (everything from and including Bitcoin onward) map directly onto this scale.

    We are now already a Kardashian Type 2 civilization.

    kierkegaanks@beige.partyK This user is from outside of this forum
    kierkegaanks@beige.partyK This user is from outside of this forum
    kierkegaanks@beige.party
    wrote sidst redigeret af
    #6

    @isotopp soundtrack: elvis costello - pump it up

    zakalwe@plasmatrap.comZ 1 Reply Last reply
    0
    • isotopp@infosec.exchangeI isotopp@infosec.exchange

      Nikolai Kardashev was a Soviet radio astronomer and astrophysicist who wanted to know how one could even detect extraterrestrial civilizations at all, the “SETI problem”.

      He concluded: by energy consumption. The Kardashev scale is therefore not an ISO standard (ISO = Interstellar Standards Organization?), but a thinking tool devised by one person.

      The scale says:

      • Type 1: Uses all the energy available to its planet. For example, an albedo-zero world completely covered in solar cells.
      • Type 2: Uses all the energy available to its star system. Not a million satellites in orbit, but a Dyson sphere that captures all the light and radiation of a star.
      • Type 3: Uses the energy of all stars in a galaxy.

      The idea of launching data centers into space, more precisely into LEO, must therefore be evaluated on a different scale:

      The Kardashian scale

      • A Type 1 civilization on the Kardashian scale has a public discourse that is no longer driven by facts, but by emotion and attention.
      • A Type 2 civilization no longer has this discourse under control, and counterfactual emotional discourse begins to control politics, research, and the economy, where unscientific and outright stupid narratives now take over steering.
      • A Type 3 civilization has complete epistemic decoupling: visibility has fully replaced truth, reach beats evidence, and consistency is irrelevant as long as the narrative is exciting. Physical limits are dismissed as “bad vibes”, and criticism is read as a moral flaw and subversion.

      So we are not measuring energy, but loss of contact with reality. Many tech visions of recent years (everything from and including Bitcoin onward) map directly onto this scale.

      We are now already a Kardashian Type 2 civilization.

      raymaccarthy@mastodon.ieR This user is from outside of this forum
      raymaccarthy@mastodon.ieR This user is from outside of this forum
      raymaccarthy@mastodon.ie
      wrote sidst redigeret af
      #7

      @isotopp
      It's poor SF conditioned by a focus on energy.
      Unless People are txing at us from less than maybe 5 ly, only spectroscopic analysis of planet transiting a star is likely to reveal much. A more advanced society might use less energy!

      cstross@wandering.shopC 1 Reply Last reply
      0
      • raymaccarthy@mastodon.ieR raymaccarthy@mastodon.ie

        @isotopp
        It's poor SF conditioned by a focus on energy.
        Unless People are txing at us from less than maybe 5 ly, only spectroscopic analysis of planet transiting a star is likely to reveal much. A more advanced society might use less energy!

        cstross@wandering.shopC This user is from outside of this forum
        cstross@wandering.shopC This user is from outside of this forum
        cstross@wandering.shop
        wrote sidst redigeret af
        #8

        @raymaccarthy @isotopp Kardashev's work was published in 1964, a time when our understanding of technological development *was* energy bounded rather than infomation bounded. A huge amount changed after roughly 1973-74!

        isotopp@infosec.exchangeI 1 Reply Last reply
        0
        • cstross@wandering.shopC cstross@wandering.shop

          @raymaccarthy @isotopp Kardashev's work was published in 1964, a time when our understanding of technological development *was* energy bounded rather than infomation bounded. A huge amount changed after roughly 1973-74!

          isotopp@infosec.exchangeI This user is from outside of this forum
          isotopp@infosec.exchangeI This user is from outside of this forum
          isotopp@infosec.exchange
          wrote sidst redigeret af
          #9

          @cstross @raymaccarthy I know but the press amplifies Space Karen's nonsense with zero fact checking

          cstross@wandering.shopC 1 Reply Last reply
          0
          • isotopp@infosec.exchangeI isotopp@infosec.exchange

            @cstross @raymaccarthy I know but the press amplifies Space Karen's nonsense with zero fact checking

            cstross@wandering.shopC This user is from outside of this forum
            cstross@wandering.shopC This user is from outside of this forum
            cstross@wandering.shop
            wrote sidst redigeret af
            #10

            @isotopp @raymaccarthy The press these days are stenographers for corporate press releases, not actual journalists.

            1 Reply Last reply
            0
            • kierkegaanks@beige.partyK kierkegaanks@beige.party

              @isotopp soundtrack: elvis costello - pump it up

              zakalwe@plasmatrap.comZ This user is from outside of this forum
              zakalwe@plasmatrap.comZ This user is from outside of this forum
              zakalwe@plasmatrap.com
              wrote sidst redigeret af
              #11

              @Kierkegaanks@beige.party @isotopp@infosec.exchange See also Green Shirt

              1 Reply Last reply
              0
              • isotopp@infosec.exchangeI isotopp@infosec.exchange

                Nikolai Kardashev was a Soviet radio astronomer and astrophysicist who wanted to know how one could even detect extraterrestrial civilizations at all, the “SETI problem”.

                He concluded: by energy consumption. The Kardashev scale is therefore not an ISO standard (ISO = Interstellar Standards Organization?), but a thinking tool devised by one person.

                The scale says:

                • Type 1: Uses all the energy available to its planet. For example, an albedo-zero world completely covered in solar cells.
                • Type 2: Uses all the energy available to its star system. Not a million satellites in orbit, but a Dyson sphere that captures all the light and radiation of a star.
                • Type 3: Uses the energy of all stars in a galaxy.

                The idea of launching data centers into space, more precisely into LEO, must therefore be evaluated on a different scale:

                The Kardashian scale

                • A Type 1 civilization on the Kardashian scale has a public discourse that is no longer driven by facts, but by emotion and attention.
                • A Type 2 civilization no longer has this discourse under control, and counterfactual emotional discourse begins to control politics, research, and the economy, where unscientific and outright stupid narratives now take over steering.
                • A Type 3 civilization has complete epistemic decoupling: visibility has fully replaced truth, reach beats evidence, and consistency is irrelevant as long as the narrative is exciting. Physical limits are dismissed as “bad vibes”, and criticism is read as a moral flaw and subversion.

                So we are not measuring energy, but loss of contact with reality. Many tech visions of recent years (everything from and including Bitcoin onward) map directly onto this scale.

                We are now already a Kardashian Type 2 civilization.

                androcat@toot.catA This user is from outside of this forum
                androcat@toot.catA This user is from outside of this forum
                androcat@toot.cat
                wrote sidst redigeret af
                #12

                @isotopp Might be of interest to @nyrath 🙂

                1 Reply Last reply
                0
                • isotopp@infosec.exchangeI isotopp@infosec.exchange

                  Nikolai Kardashev was a Soviet radio astronomer and astrophysicist who wanted to know how one could even detect extraterrestrial civilizations at all, the “SETI problem”.

                  He concluded: by energy consumption. The Kardashev scale is therefore not an ISO standard (ISO = Interstellar Standards Organization?), but a thinking tool devised by one person.

                  The scale says:

                  • Type 1: Uses all the energy available to its planet. For example, an albedo-zero world completely covered in solar cells.
                  • Type 2: Uses all the energy available to its star system. Not a million satellites in orbit, but a Dyson sphere that captures all the light and radiation of a star.
                  • Type 3: Uses the energy of all stars in a galaxy.

                  The idea of launching data centers into space, more precisely into LEO, must therefore be evaluated on a different scale:

                  The Kardashian scale

                  • A Type 1 civilization on the Kardashian scale has a public discourse that is no longer driven by facts, but by emotion and attention.
                  • A Type 2 civilization no longer has this discourse under control, and counterfactual emotional discourse begins to control politics, research, and the economy, where unscientific and outright stupid narratives now take over steering.
                  • A Type 3 civilization has complete epistemic decoupling: visibility has fully replaced truth, reach beats evidence, and consistency is irrelevant as long as the narrative is exciting. Physical limits are dismissed as “bad vibes”, and criticism is read as a moral flaw and subversion.

                  So we are not measuring energy, but loss of contact with reality. Many tech visions of recent years (everything from and including Bitcoin onward) map directly onto this scale.

                  We are now already a Kardashian Type 2 civilization.

                  jvluso@towns.gayJ This user is from outside of this forum
                  jvluso@towns.gayJ This user is from outside of this forum
                  jvluso@towns.gay
                  wrote sidst redigeret af
                  #13

                  @isotopp Right now the thing detaching us from reality is discourse, but I think the dark ages also got to Type 3 with Religion being the thing detaching them from reality.

                  1 Reply Last reply
                  0
                  • isotopp@infosec.exchangeI isotopp@infosec.exchange

                    Nikolai Kardashev was a Soviet radio astronomer and astrophysicist who wanted to know how one could even detect extraterrestrial civilizations at all, the “SETI problem”.

                    He concluded: by energy consumption. The Kardashev scale is therefore not an ISO standard (ISO = Interstellar Standards Organization?), but a thinking tool devised by one person.

                    The scale says:

                    • Type 1: Uses all the energy available to its planet. For example, an albedo-zero world completely covered in solar cells.
                    • Type 2: Uses all the energy available to its star system. Not a million satellites in orbit, but a Dyson sphere that captures all the light and radiation of a star.
                    • Type 3: Uses the energy of all stars in a galaxy.

                    The idea of launching data centers into space, more precisely into LEO, must therefore be evaluated on a different scale:

                    The Kardashian scale

                    • A Type 1 civilization on the Kardashian scale has a public discourse that is no longer driven by facts, but by emotion and attention.
                    • A Type 2 civilization no longer has this discourse under control, and counterfactual emotional discourse begins to control politics, research, and the economy, where unscientific and outright stupid narratives now take over steering.
                    • A Type 3 civilization has complete epistemic decoupling: visibility has fully replaced truth, reach beats evidence, and consistency is irrelevant as long as the narrative is exciting. Physical limits are dismissed as “bad vibes”, and criticism is read as a moral flaw and subversion.

                    So we are not measuring energy, but loss of contact with reality. Many tech visions of recent years (everything from and including Bitcoin onward) map directly onto this scale.

                    We are now already a Kardashian Type 2 civilization.

                    daniel_wengelin@mastodon.nuD This user is from outside of this forum
                    daniel_wengelin@mastodon.nuD This user is from outside of this forum
                    daniel_wengelin@mastodon.nu
                    wrote sidst redigeret af
                    #14

                    @isotopp

                    Nice dystopia! I admit - the first glance parsed the Kardashev name wrong....

                    But how come a German has a Swedish elevator sign on the profile?

                    1 Reply Last reply
                    0
                    • isotopp@infosec.exchangeI isotopp@infosec.exchange

                      Nikolai Kardashev was a Soviet radio astronomer and astrophysicist who wanted to know how one could even detect extraterrestrial civilizations at all, the “SETI problem”.

                      He concluded: by energy consumption. The Kardashev scale is therefore not an ISO standard (ISO = Interstellar Standards Organization?), but a thinking tool devised by one person.

                      The scale says:

                      • Type 1: Uses all the energy available to its planet. For example, an albedo-zero world completely covered in solar cells.
                      • Type 2: Uses all the energy available to its star system. Not a million satellites in orbit, but a Dyson sphere that captures all the light and radiation of a star.
                      • Type 3: Uses the energy of all stars in a galaxy.

                      The idea of launching data centers into space, more precisely into LEO, must therefore be evaluated on a different scale:

                      The Kardashian scale

                      • A Type 1 civilization on the Kardashian scale has a public discourse that is no longer driven by facts, but by emotion and attention.
                      • A Type 2 civilization no longer has this discourse under control, and counterfactual emotional discourse begins to control politics, research, and the economy, where unscientific and outright stupid narratives now take over steering.
                      • A Type 3 civilization has complete epistemic decoupling: visibility has fully replaced truth, reach beats evidence, and consistency is irrelevant as long as the narrative is exciting. Physical limits are dismissed as “bad vibes”, and criticism is read as a moral flaw and subversion.

                      So we are not measuring energy, but loss of contact with reality. Many tech visions of recent years (everything from and including Bitcoin onward) map directly onto this scale.

                      We are now already a Kardashian Type 2 civilization.

                      dex77@chaos.socialD This user is from outside of this forum
                      dex77@chaos.socialD This user is from outside of this forum
                      dex77@chaos.social
                      wrote sidst redigeret af
                      #15

                      @isotopp
                      "there are four lights!"

                      1 Reply Last reply
                      0
                      • mithos@chaos.socialM mithos@chaos.social

                        @isotopp What's our score on the Kessler Scale and will we reach Type 1 soon? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessler_syndrome

                        tezoatlipoca@mas.toT This user is from outside of this forum
                        tezoatlipoca@mas.toT This user is from outside of this forum
                        tezoatlipoca@mas.to
                        wrote sidst redigeret af
                        #16

                        @mithos @isotopp Im trying to think if the whole globe is shrouded by satellite debris would that lower or raise our planetary albedo? i.e. are satellite pieces sparkly?

                        1 Reply Last reply
                        0
                        • isotopp@infosec.exchangeI isotopp@infosec.exchange

                          Nikolai Kardashev was a Soviet radio astronomer and astrophysicist who wanted to know how one could even detect extraterrestrial civilizations at all, the “SETI problem”.

                          He concluded: by energy consumption. The Kardashev scale is therefore not an ISO standard (ISO = Interstellar Standards Organization?), but a thinking tool devised by one person.

                          The scale says:

                          • Type 1: Uses all the energy available to its planet. For example, an albedo-zero world completely covered in solar cells.
                          • Type 2: Uses all the energy available to its star system. Not a million satellites in orbit, but a Dyson sphere that captures all the light and radiation of a star.
                          • Type 3: Uses the energy of all stars in a galaxy.

                          The idea of launching data centers into space, more precisely into LEO, must therefore be evaluated on a different scale:

                          The Kardashian scale

                          • A Type 1 civilization on the Kardashian scale has a public discourse that is no longer driven by facts, but by emotion and attention.
                          • A Type 2 civilization no longer has this discourse under control, and counterfactual emotional discourse begins to control politics, research, and the economy, where unscientific and outright stupid narratives now take over steering.
                          • A Type 3 civilization has complete epistemic decoupling: visibility has fully replaced truth, reach beats evidence, and consistency is irrelevant as long as the narrative is exciting. Physical limits are dismissed as “bad vibes”, and criticism is read as a moral flaw and subversion.

                          So we are not measuring energy, but loss of contact with reality. Many tech visions of recent years (everything from and including Bitcoin onward) map directly onto this scale.

                          We are now already a Kardashian Type 2 civilization.

                          lazarou@mastodon.socialL This user is from outside of this forum
                          lazarou@mastodon.socialL This user is from outside of this forum
                          lazarou@mastodon.social
                          wrote sidst redigeret af
                          #17

                          @isotopp I wonder if 'Type 3' is the Great Filter that has Scientists worried?

                          1 Reply Last reply
                          0
                          • isotopp@infosec.exchangeI isotopp@infosec.exchange

                            Nikolai Kardashev was a Soviet radio astronomer and astrophysicist who wanted to know how one could even detect extraterrestrial civilizations at all, the “SETI problem”.

                            He concluded: by energy consumption. The Kardashev scale is therefore not an ISO standard (ISO = Interstellar Standards Organization?), but a thinking tool devised by one person.

                            The scale says:

                            • Type 1: Uses all the energy available to its planet. For example, an albedo-zero world completely covered in solar cells.
                            • Type 2: Uses all the energy available to its star system. Not a million satellites in orbit, but a Dyson sphere that captures all the light and radiation of a star.
                            • Type 3: Uses the energy of all stars in a galaxy.

                            The idea of launching data centers into space, more precisely into LEO, must therefore be evaluated on a different scale:

                            The Kardashian scale

                            • A Type 1 civilization on the Kardashian scale has a public discourse that is no longer driven by facts, but by emotion and attention.
                            • A Type 2 civilization no longer has this discourse under control, and counterfactual emotional discourse begins to control politics, research, and the economy, where unscientific and outright stupid narratives now take over steering.
                            • A Type 3 civilization has complete epistemic decoupling: visibility has fully replaced truth, reach beats evidence, and consistency is irrelevant as long as the narrative is exciting. Physical limits are dismissed as “bad vibes”, and criticism is read as a moral flaw and subversion.

                            So we are not measuring energy, but loss of contact with reality. Many tech visions of recent years (everything from and including Bitcoin onward) map directly onto this scale.

                            We are now already a Kardashian Type 2 civilization.

                            prw@mastodon.sdf.orgP This user is from outside of this forum
                            prw@mastodon.sdf.orgP This user is from outside of this forum
                            prw@mastodon.sdf.org
                            wrote sidst redigeret af
                            #18

                            @isotopp Kardashian typology needs moar butts

                            1 Reply Last reply
                            0
                            • isotopp@infosec.exchangeI isotopp@infosec.exchange

                              Nikolai Kardashev was a Soviet radio astronomer and astrophysicist who wanted to know how one could even detect extraterrestrial civilizations at all, the “SETI problem”.

                              He concluded: by energy consumption. The Kardashev scale is therefore not an ISO standard (ISO = Interstellar Standards Organization?), but a thinking tool devised by one person.

                              The scale says:

                              • Type 1: Uses all the energy available to its planet. For example, an albedo-zero world completely covered in solar cells.
                              • Type 2: Uses all the energy available to its star system. Not a million satellites in orbit, but a Dyson sphere that captures all the light and radiation of a star.
                              • Type 3: Uses the energy of all stars in a galaxy.

                              The idea of launching data centers into space, more precisely into LEO, must therefore be evaluated on a different scale:

                              The Kardashian scale

                              • A Type 1 civilization on the Kardashian scale has a public discourse that is no longer driven by facts, but by emotion and attention.
                              • A Type 2 civilization no longer has this discourse under control, and counterfactual emotional discourse begins to control politics, research, and the economy, where unscientific and outright stupid narratives now take over steering.
                              • A Type 3 civilization has complete epistemic decoupling: visibility has fully replaced truth, reach beats evidence, and consistency is irrelevant as long as the narrative is exciting. Physical limits are dismissed as “bad vibes”, and criticism is read as a moral flaw and subversion.

                              So we are not measuring energy, but loss of contact with reality. Many tech visions of recent years (everything from and including Bitcoin onward) map directly onto this scale.

                              We are now already a Kardashian Type 2 civilization.

                              nyrath@spacey.spaceN This user is from outside of this forum
                              nyrath@spacey.spaceN This user is from outside of this forum
                              nyrath@spacey.space
                              wrote sidst redigeret af
                              #19

                              @isotopp

                              In 1973 Carl Sagan estimated that humanity is currently around Type 0.7. He derived the following formula by interpolation:

                              K = (log10[P] - 6) / 10

                              P = antilog10[(K * 10) + 6]

                              where:

                              K: Kardashev Rating
                              P: Power harnessed by civilization (watts)
                              log10[x] : Common logarithm of x
                              antilog10[x] : Common antilogarithm of x

                              nyrath@spacey.spaceN 1 Reply Last reply
                              0
                              • isotopp@infosec.exchangeI isotopp@infosec.exchange

                                Nikolai Kardashev was a Soviet radio astronomer and astrophysicist who wanted to know how one could even detect extraterrestrial civilizations at all, the “SETI problem”.

                                He concluded: by energy consumption. The Kardashev scale is therefore not an ISO standard (ISO = Interstellar Standards Organization?), but a thinking tool devised by one person.

                                The scale says:

                                • Type 1: Uses all the energy available to its planet. For example, an albedo-zero world completely covered in solar cells.
                                • Type 2: Uses all the energy available to its star system. Not a million satellites in orbit, but a Dyson sphere that captures all the light and radiation of a star.
                                • Type 3: Uses the energy of all stars in a galaxy.

                                The idea of launching data centers into space, more precisely into LEO, must therefore be evaluated on a different scale:

                                The Kardashian scale

                                • A Type 1 civilization on the Kardashian scale has a public discourse that is no longer driven by facts, but by emotion and attention.
                                • A Type 2 civilization no longer has this discourse under control, and counterfactual emotional discourse begins to control politics, research, and the economy, where unscientific and outright stupid narratives now take over steering.
                                • A Type 3 civilization has complete epistemic decoupling: visibility has fully replaced truth, reach beats evidence, and consistency is irrelevant as long as the narrative is exciting. Physical limits are dismissed as “bad vibes”, and criticism is read as a moral flaw and subversion.

                                So we are not measuring energy, but loss of contact with reality. Many tech visions of recent years (everything from and including Bitcoin onward) map directly onto this scale.

                                We are now already a Kardashian Type 2 civilization.

                                gregegansf@mathstodon.xyzG This user is from outside of this forum
                                gregegansf@mathstodon.xyzG This user is from outside of this forum
                                gregegansf@mathstodon.xyz
                                wrote sidst redigeret af
                                #20

                                @isotopp

                                “America is now what anthropologists call a Kardashian Type Three civilisation: more than fifty percent of GDP is in the attention economy.”

                                https://www.gregegan.net/MISC/RUINS/Ruins.html

                                1 Reply Last reply
                                0
                                • nyrath@spacey.spaceN nyrath@spacey.space

                                  @isotopp

                                  In 1973 Carl Sagan estimated that humanity is currently around Type 0.7. He derived the following formula by interpolation:

                                  K = (log10[P] - 6) / 10

                                  P = antilog10[(K * 10) + 6]

                                  where:

                                  K: Kardashev Rating
                                  P: Power harnessed by civilization (watts)
                                  log10[x] : Common logarithm of x
                                  antilog10[x] : Common antilogarithm of x

                                  nyrath@spacey.spaceN This user is from outside of this forum
                                  nyrath@spacey.spaceN This user is from outside of this forum
                                  nyrath@spacey.space
                                  wrote sidst redigeret af
                                  #21

                                  @isotopp

                                  Kardashev Scale
                                  -0.48 A civilization that is able to harness the power of one manual laborer. ~17W
                                  0 harness the power of 60,000 manual laborers. ~10^6W
                                  1 harness all of the power available on a single planet. ~10^16
                                  2 harness all of the power available from a single star. ~10^26
                                  3 harness all of the power available from a single galaxy. ~10^36
                                  4 harness all of the power available in the entire universe. ~10^46

                                  60srefugee@spacey.space6 1 Reply Last reply
                                  0
                                  • nyrath@spacey.spaceN nyrath@spacey.space

                                    @isotopp

                                    Kardashev Scale
                                    -0.48 A civilization that is able to harness the power of one manual laborer. ~17W
                                    0 harness the power of 60,000 manual laborers. ~10^6W
                                    1 harness all of the power available on a single planet. ~10^16
                                    2 harness all of the power available from a single star. ~10^26
                                    3 harness all of the power available from a single galaxy. ~10^36
                                    4 harness all of the power available in the entire universe. ~10^46

                                    60srefugee@spacey.space6 This user is from outside of this forum
                                    60srefugee@spacey.space6 This user is from outside of this forum
                                    60srefugee@spacey.space
                                    wrote sidst redigeret af
                                    #22

                                    @nyrath @isotopp I keep thinking that they really need to image ring galaxies in the deep infrared to make sure that those "empty" centers aren't really where all the energy is being radiated at waste-heat frequencies instead of visible light.

                                    1 Reply Last reply
                                    0
                                    • jwcph@helvede.netJ jwcph@helvede.net shared this topic
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