The Space Shuttle had five general-purpose computers that controlled, monitored, and navigated the Shuttle.
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The Space Shuttle had five general-purpose computers that controlled, monitored, and navigated the Shuttle. Each computer consisted of two boxes: the CPU (right) and the I/O Processor (IOP, left). The IOP connected the computer to 24 high-speed networks. Let's look at two boards from the IOP... 1/N
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The Space Shuttle had five general-purpose computers that controlled, monitored, and navigated the Shuttle. Each computer consisted of two boxes: the CPU (right) and the I/O Processor (IOP, left). The IOP connected the computer to 24 high-speed networks. Let's look at two boards from the IOP... 1/N
First board is a network interface. Each side is identical and supports two networks. The IBM hybrid module (right) contains tiny transistors, resistors, etc. to handle the analog stuff. The golden Motorola chips format bits to transmit and receive them. The other chips are mostly shift registers.
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First board is a network interface. Each side is identical and supports two networks. The IBM hybrid module (right) contains tiny transistors, resistors, etc. to handle the analog stuff. The golden Motorola chips format bits to transmit and receive them. The other chips are mostly shift registers.
The second board is memory (PROM), holding microcode for the I/O Processor, which is a (very strange) computer, independent of the CPU. Each gold-lidded chip holds 2K bits in tiny metal fuses. The chip is programmed by blowing the fuse for each 1 bit, literally burning the PROM.
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The second board is memory (PROM), holding microcode for the I/O Processor, which is a (very strange) computer, independent of the CPU. Each gold-lidded chip holds 2K bits in tiny metal fuses. The chip is programmed by blowing the fuse for each 1 bit, literally burning the PROM.
IBM had a series of aerospace computers called System/4 Pi. These computers all used standard-sized boards (top). Except that the I/O Processor's boards (bottom) were one inch wider. I guess they needed the extra space for more circuitry.
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IBM had a series of aerospace computers called System/4 Pi. These computers all used standard-sized boards (top). Except that the I/O Processor's boards (bottom) were one inch wider. I guess they needed the extra space for more circuitry.
This diagram shows how the circuit boards (called pages) were plugged into the I/O Processor's aluminum-alloy case. For storage, the system used magnetic core memory, larger pages at the back. This system didn't use a microprocessor; it was built from 11 logic pages crammed with simple chips.
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This diagram shows how the circuit boards (called pages) were plugged into the I/O Processor's aluminum-alloy case. For storage, the system used magnetic core memory, larger pages at the back. This system didn't use a microprocessor; it was built from 11 logic pages crammed with simple chips.
Want more photos? Or more info, such as how the I/O processor implements 25 virtual processors with two instruction sets on top of a single physical processor? See my latest article: https://www.righto.com/2026/06/space-shuttle-io-processor-boards.html
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Want more photos? Or more info, such as how the I/O processor implements 25 virtual processors with two instruction sets on top of a single physical processor? See my latest article: https://www.righto.com/2026/06/space-shuttle-io-processor-boards.html
Credits: IOP boards provided by Richard, 4 Pi board from @tubetime.
Photo of the IOP and CPU courtesy of RR Auction. IOP documentation from Mike Stewart. Exploded diagram from https://ibiblio.org/apollo/Shuttle/IBM-74-A31-016%20-%20Space%20Shuttle%20Advanced%20System,%204%20Pi%20-%20Prototype%20Input,%20Output%20Processor%20(IOP).pdf#page=145 -
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