@chris Mind, though, that Sachsen-Anhalt still does proportionality via hangover mandates, which have the curious quirk of making the number of seats slightly unpredictable.This technique used to be kind of common in Germany, but it's nowadays on its way out. The federal elections abolished it starting with the last cycle, IIRC.Importantly, there's other ways to do proportionality, such as d'Hondt coefficients (and the system's modifications). By a curious history tidbit, Thomas Jefferson is known to have dabbled in something mathematically very close if not equivalent to d'Hondt's work well before him, but for some reason, seems to have never proposed it to be used in USA, giving rise to generations and generations of gerrymandering.